Sure! Here are some important biology formulas that are typically covered in Class 11:
1. Photosynthesis:
– 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + light energy → C6H12O6 + 6 O2
– Rate of photosynthesis = Amount of glucose produced / Time taken
2. Respiration:
– Cellular respiration (aerobic): C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP
– Fermentation (anaerobic): C6H12O6 → 2 C2H5OH + 2 CO2 + ATP (in yeast)
3. Enzyme activity:
– Enzyme-substrate complex formation: E + S ⇌ ES → E + P
– Rate of enzyme reaction = Δ[P] / Δt
4. Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium:
– p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1
– p + q = 1
(where p = frequency of dominant allele, q = frequency of recessive allele, p^2 = frequency of homozygous dominant genotype, q^2 = frequency of homozygous recessive genotype, and 2pq = frequency of heterozygous genotype)
5. Blood pressure:
– Blood Pressure = Cardiac Output × Total Peripheral Resistance
6. Osmosis:
– Osmotic pressure (π) = (n/V)RT
(where n = moles of solute particles, V = volume of solution, R = ideal gas constant, T = temperature in Kelvin)
7. Genetics:
– Mendel’s Law of Segregation: Allele pairs separate during gamete formation, and each gamete carries only one allele from each pair.
– Mendel’s Law of Independent Assortment: Genes for different traits segregate independently during gamete formation.
8. Nervous system:
– Nerve impulse conduction: Voltage-gated sodium (Na+) channels and voltage-gated potassium (K+) channels play key roles in the generation and propagation of nerve impulses.
9. Cell Division:
– Mitosis: PMAT (Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase)
– Meiosis: Two rounds of division (Meiosis I and Meiosis II) leading to the formation of gametes with haploid chromosome number.
10. Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium:
– p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1
– p + q = 1
(where p = frequency of dominant allele, q = frequency of recessive allele, p^2 = frequency of homozygous dominant genotype, q^2 = frequency of homozygous recessive genotype, and 2pq = frequency of heterozygous genotype)
These are some of the essential biology formulas you might encounter in Class 11. Make sure to understand their applications and significance in various biological processes.
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